# using-kindisperse

#### 30 March, 2021

The goal of kindisperse is to simulate and estimate close-kin dispersal kernels.

# 1. Introduction

Dispersal is a key evolutionary process that connects organisms in space and time. Assessing the dispersal of organisms within an area is an important component of estimating risks from invasive species, planning pest management operations, and evaluating conservation strategies for threatened species.

Assessing the dispersal of small, abundant and short-lived animals such as insects has traditionally been more difficult than for animals that can be easily tagged. Responding to this challenge, researchers have developed various methods based around mark-release-recapture that mark the organisms with dyes, paint, or chemical tags, before releasing the individuals and in various ways measuring the number of recaptures.

Such methods suffer the limitations of requiring manipulation of the same individuals in which dispersal is being assessed, are labour-intensive when conducted across a large enough area to be informative, and typically are not estimates of true intergenerational dispersal (which is measured life-stage to life-stage, e.g. from the egg of the parent to the egg of its offspring). Such life-stage to life-stage estimates are important as they are readily interpretable within established intergenerational analytic frameworks such as Wright’s neighbourhood size.

Leveraging decreases in sequencing costs, out new method instead estimates dispersal from the spatial distribution of close-kin. This method requires that close kin dyads be identified and scored for two variables: (i) the geographical distance between the two individuals in the dyad, and (ii) their estimated order of kinship (1st order e.g. full-sib; 2nd order e.g. half-sib; 3rd order e.g. first cousin).

Close-kin-based dispersal can provide an estimate of the intergenerational (or parent-offspring) dispersal kernel - a key factor that connects biological events across the lifespan of an organism with broader demographic and population-genetic processes such as isolation by distance. A dispersal kernel is the probability density function describing the distributions of the locations of dispersed individuals relative to the source point. Intergenerational dispersal kernels themselves can be framed in terms of any number of breeding and dispersal processes, defined by both reference life-stage and number of generations, and leave their mark in the spatial distribution of various categories of close kin, which can be treated as samplings from a set of underlying kernels. Actual kernels vary, but are typically described in terms of sigma, the second moment of the kernel, also known as its scale parameter. More complex kernels can also incorporate a parameter for shape or kurtosis (kappa), representing the fourth moment of the kernel.

In the case of an insect like the mosquito, the most basic intergenerational kernel, the lifespan or parent-offspring kernel, reflects all dispersal and breeding processes connecting (e.g.) the immature (egg, larval, pupal) location of a parent to the immature location of its offspring. However, this kernel can be combined with additional breeding, dispersal and sampling events to produce other, composite dispersal or distribution kernels that contain information about intergenerational dispersal. For example, the distribution of two immature full-sibling mosquitoes reflects not a full lifespan of dispersal, but two ‘draws’ from the component kernel associated with the mother’s ovipositing behaviour. Were we to sample the same full-sibling females as ovipositing adults, this would instead represent two draws from a composite ‘lifespan and additional oviposition’ kernel. Avuncular larvae, should they exist, would represent draws from related but distinct intergenerational dispersal kernels - an oviposition kernel, and a composite ‘oviposition and lifespan’ kernel. The avuncular distribution kernel would thus reflect a further compositing of these dispersal events.

There is a rich literature examining the kernels of basic dispersal events, and analysing them in terms of various kernel functions, whether Gaussian, exponential, or others with differing properties and shapes, often reflecting the tendency of dispersal events to be disproportionately clustered around the source and/or be dispersed at great distances from the source (i.e. for the kernel to be fat-tailed). Most of this literature explores dispersal in terms of probability of a dispersed sample being at a certain radius from the dispersed source. In the case of close-kin recaptures of e.g. first cousins, we are instead presented with dispersal events that must be approached in two dimensions with respect to both radius of dispersal and additionally angle of dispersal. A successful estimator of intergenerational dispersal using close-kin recaptures must find strategies to decompose the extraneous spatial and breeding components affecting the kernels, and ultimately re-express dispersal in terms of an axial sigma - that aspect of dispersal which operates within one dimension across a two-dimensional space. This is the sigma component relied upon by Wright (1946) for isolation by distance , and which is reflected in estimations of neighbourhood area.

The method we have developed relies upon the fact that different kinship categories reflect different but related underlying intergenerational dispersal composites, and uses the relationships between these kinship distribution kernels to extract information about the core parent-offspring dispersal kernel that produced the derivative kernels. For example, the immature distribution kernel of full siblings differs from the immature distribution of first cousins by a single lifespan: using an additive variance framework, the first cousin variance that is not accounted for by subtracting the full sibling variance constitutes an estimate of the parent-offspring distribution, from which an intergenerational kernel estimate can be derived. This is because both immature full-sibling and immature first cousins are ‘phased’ with respect to the organisms’ life cycle - that is, they are separated by an integer multiple of parent-offspring dispersal events. It is this phasing that enables the extraction of a ‘pure’ effective dispersal estimate, via the additive property of variance. Other examples of phased relationships include half sibling immatures to half cousin immatures (one cycle), full sibling immatures to second cousin immatures (two cycles), or even (for mosquitoes) full sibling immatures to second cousin ovipositing adults (three cycles).

Further details can be found in Jasper et al. (2019) “A genomic approach to inferring kinship reveals limited intergenerational dispersal in the yellow fever mosquito”.

This package supplements these papers by supplying methods for (a) importing and exporting information about distances & kinship relationships for pairs of individuals, (b) estimating the axial distribution (axial sigma for dispersal or position distributions) from empirical distributions of kin-pairs, and (c) estimating the intergenerational (parent-offspring) dispersal distribution (axial sigma) that underlies the distributions of multiple phased kin categories. This package also implements several simulation tools for further exploring and testing the properties of intergenerational dispersal kernels, as well as to assist in designing experiment layouts & sampling schemes. Finally, for ease of use, the package supplies an integrated shiny app which also implements the vast majority of package functionality in a user-friendly interface.

# 2. Installation

You can install the released version of kindisperse from CRAN with: (in future. this doesn’t currently exist)

install.packages("kindisperse")

And the development version from GitHub with:

# install.packages("devtools")
devtools::install_github("moshejasper/kindisperse")

Once installed, load the package as follows:

library(kindisperse)
#> kindisperse 0.9.2

# 3. The shiny app

The kindisperse app bundles most of the tools supplied in this package for ease of use.

## 3.1 Running the app

To run the app, enter the function run_kindisperse() and in a moment the app will appear in a separate window. To close, exit this window, or alternatively hit the ‘stop’ button or equivalent in RStudio.

## 3.2 External interface

To calculate axial values, etc. of objects within the app, they first must be passed to the app from the computer or the R package environment. One option is to save objects to the computer via either .csv or .kindata formats, then load them using the in-app interface.

Alternatively, objects you have loaded or created in the R package environment can be passed to the app by first mounting them to the special appdata environment which can be accessed from within the app via the Load tab. Mounted objects must be of class KinPairData or KinPairSimulation. To mount an object, use the mount_appdata(obj, "nm") function (unmount with unmount_appdata("nm")). The appdata environment can be viewed with display_appdata() and cleared with reset_appdata(). Objects mounted to appdata from within the app can also be retrieved with retrieve_appdata() or retrieveall_appdata().

fullsibs <- simulate_kindist_composite(nsims = 100, ovisigma = 25, kinship = "FS")
reset_appdata()
mount_appdata(fullsibs, "fullsibs")
display_appdata()
#> <environment: kindisperse_appdata>
#> parent: <environment: namespace:kindisperse>
#> bindings:
#>  * fullsibs: <KnPrSmlt>
fullsibs2 <- retrieve_appdata("fullsibs")
reset_appdata()

The app also uses a temporary environment for in-app data handling and storage. Following a session, objects stored in this space can be bulk-accessed via the function retrieve_tempdata(), and reset via the function reset_tempdata().

# 4. The R package

Package functions and typical usage are introduced below

## 4.1 Simulations and Sampling

KINDISPERSE is is built to run three types of simulation. The first is a graphical simulation showing the dispersal of close kin over several generations. The second and third are both simulations of close kin dyads, one using a simple PO kernel, the other a composite one. The package also includes one subsampling function to assist in using these simulations for field study design.

### 4.1.1 Graphical simulations

This is designed primarily for introducing, exploring, and easily visualising dispersal concepts. It is packaged in two parallel functions: the simulation function (simgraph_data()) and the visualisation function(simgraph_graph()). A standard example of their use is shown below, in this case, modeling families including first cousins with a kernel sigma of 25m, and site dimensions of 250x250m. The first graph shows the dispersal events leading to first cousins within five of these families.


## run graphical simulation
graphdata <- simgraph_data(nsims = 1000, posigma = 25, dims = 250)
simgraph_graph(graphdata, nsim = 5, kinship = "1C")

However, the options of both can be tweaked to show other data types, e.g. a pinwheel graph focused on 1,000 first cousin dyads.


graphdata <- simgraph_data(nsims = 1000, posigma = 25, dims = 250)
simgraph_graph(graphdata, nsims = 1000, pinwheel = T, kinship = "1C")

or a histogram of first cousin dyads:


graphdata <- simgraph_data(nsims = 1000, posigma = 25, dims = 250)
simgraph_graph(graphdata, nsims = 1000, histogram = T, kinship = "1C")

The simgraph functions are also implemented in the ‘Tutorial’ tab of the kindisperse app.

### 4.1.2 Kinpair Simulations

These are designed for simulating and testing the impacts of various dispersal and sampling parameters on a dataset, and for testing and validating the estimation functions. They return an object of class KinPairSimulation, which supplies a tibble (dataframe) of simulation results, as well as metadata capturing the simulation parameters.

Three kernel types are supported for the next two simulations at present: Gaussian, Laplace, and vgamma (variance-gamma). These are passed to the functions with the method parameter. If using vgamma, also supply its shape parameter with the argument shape. Small values of shape correspond to an increasingly leptokurtic kernel - i.e. a strong central clustering with an increased number of very widely spaced individuals (long tails).

The simple simulation, simulate_kindist_simple(), simulates intergenerational dispersal for each kin category based on a simple parent-offspring dispersal sigma, with no attempt to distinguish between the various breeding and dispersal events across a lifespan. For this reason, it cannot distinguish between full and half siblings (for example), as immature full and half siblings have been separated by less than a lifespan’s worth of dispersal; it would render them as at distance 0 from their parent (if they were in the adult oviposition stage, however, they would be rendered as at one lifespans’ dispersal from parents).

Example usage is shown below:

simulate_kindist_simple(nsims = 5, sigma = 100, method = "Gaussian", kinship = "PO", lifestage = "immature")
#> KINDISPERSE SIMULATION of KIN PAIRS
#> -----------------------------------
#> simtype:      simple
#> kerneltype:       Gaussian
#> kinship:      PO
#> simdims:      100 100
#> posigma:      100
#> lifestage:        immature
#>
#> tab
#> # A tibble: 5 x 8
#>   id1   id2   kinship distance    x1    y1     x2       y2
#>   <chr> <chr> <chr>      <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>  <dbl>    <dbl>
#> 1 1a    1b    PO         148.  25.1   31.7  90.3  -101.
#> 2 2a    2b    PO         139.   5.45  31.2   5.85  170.
#> 3 3a    3b    PO         146.  29.2   93.4 -83.4     0.516
#> 4 4a    4b    PO         115.  14.5   93.5  64.2   197.
#> 5 5a    5b    PO          41.2 66.3   23.9 105.     39.0
#> -----------------------------------

The composite simulation, simulate_kindist_composite(), defines four smaller dispersal movements which make up the lifestage dispersal kernel. It distinguishes between full and half siblings, cousins, etc. and handles immature kin dyads that are separated by less than a lifespan of dispersal (e.g. immature FS). The four phases are ‘initial’ (handling any dispersal between hatching and breeding), ‘breeding’ (movement of the male across the breeding aspect of the cycle), ‘gravid’ (movement of the female after breeding but before deposition of young), and ‘oviposition’ (movement made while ovipositing/ bearing young). The addition of the variances of these four kernels together consitutes the lifespan dispersal kernel; the relationships between different categories inform the phase. For example, full-siblings, whether sampled at ovipositional or immature states, differ in hatch position based on the ovipositing movements of the mother (including e.g. skip oviposition in the case of some mosquitoes). These categories (and any others containing a full-sib relationship buried in the pedigree) are thus of the ‘full-sibling’ or ‘FS’ phase. Half siblings, in mosquitoes (which this package is modelled on) are expected to be due to having the same father & separate mothers: the last contribution of the father’s dispersal is at the breeding stage, so the ‘HS’ phase are differentiated by the breeding, gravid, & oviposition phases, but share in common the initial phase. The parent-offspring ‘PO’ phase, on the other hand, share all (or none) of the component dispersal distributions.

An example composite simulation is demostrated below:

simulate_kindist_composite(nsims = 5, initsigma = 50, breedsigma = 30, gravsigma = 50, ovisigma = 10, method = "Laplace", kinship = "H1C", lifestage = "ovipositional")
#> KINDISPERSE SIMULATION of KIN PAIRS
#> -----------------------------------
#> simtype:      composite
#> kerneltype:       Laplace
#> kinship:      H1C
#> simdims:      100 100
#> initsigma         50
#> breedsigma        30
#> gravsigma         50
#> ovisigma      10
#> lifestage:        ovipositional
#>
#> tab
#> # A tibble: 5 x 8
#>   id1   id2   kinship distance    x1    y1    x2    y2
#>   <chr> <chr> <chr>      <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
#> 1 1a    1b    H1C        159.   71.5  65.4 110.  220.
#> 2 2a    2b    H1C        184.  322.   45.6 163.  -48.0
#> 3 3a    3b    H1C        288.  249.   62.2 -17.8 170.
#> 4 4a    4b    H1C         92.1 137.  -10.6  58.9  39.0
#> 5 5a    5b    H1C        136.   90.9 -11.4 132.  118.
#> -----------------------------------

### 4.1.3 Simulating Field Sampling of Kinship Distributions

This is done via another function, sample_kindist(), and enables the examination of how field sampling conditions could bias the estimation of axial sigma. It works with the KinPairSimulation or KinPairData classes and filters based on the study area size, number of kin expected to be found, & trap spacing. It is demonstrated below.


compsim <- simulate_kindist_composite(nsims = 100000, kinship = "H2C")

sample_kindist(compsim, upper = 1000, lower = 200, spacing = 50, n = 25)
#> Removing distances farther than 1000
#> Removing distances closer than 200
#> Setting trap spacing to 50
#> Down-sampling to 25 kin pairs
#> 25 kin pairs remaining.
#> KINDISPERSE SIMULATION of KIN PAIRS
#> -----------------------------------
#> simtype:      composite
#> kerneltype:       Gaussian
#> kinship:      H2C
#> simdims:      100 100
#> initsigma         100
#> breedsigma        50
#> gravsigma         50
#> ovisigma      25
#> lifestage:        immature
#>
#> FILTERED
#> --------
#> upper:            1000
#> lower:            200
#> spacing:      50
#> samplenum:        25
#>
#> tab
#> # A tibble: 25 x 8
#>    id1    id2    kinship distance     x1     y1     x2      y2
#>    <chr>  <chr>  <chr>      <dbl>  <dbl>  <dbl>  <dbl>   <dbl>
#>  1 31785a 31785b H2C          375   82.3  391.  -135.    74.5
#>  2 11469a 11469b H2C          275   65.4  175.  -110.   -66.6
#>  3 96241a 96241b H2C          475 -278.  -266.   115.   -26.1
#>  4 90945a 90945b H2C          325  371.   -52.2   24.4  -27.8
#>  5 10552a 10552b H2C          275   24.7 -285.    41.7   -6.99
#>  6 3580a  3580b  H2C          425 -193.  -123.   214.  -101.
#>  7 31354a 31354b H2C          675  275.    26.9 -327.   367.
#>  8 44135a 44135b H2C          775 -231.   400.  -135.  -390.
#>  9 62600a 62600b H2C          575 -406.   254.   -62.5 -223.
#> 10 21989a 21989b H2C          325   89.9  274.   257.    12.7
#> # ... with 15 more rows
#> -----------------------------------

## 4.2 Data Management

### 4.2.1 Reading & writing files

Files can be loaded and saved to & from three separate formats: .csv and .tsv (via functions csv_to_kinpair(), tsv_to_kinpair(), or to save, kinpair_to_csv() & kinpair_to_tsv(), as well as the package-specific .kindata format which wraps an rds file storing package objects (via functions read_kindata() and write_kindata()). These files read to or save from an object of class KinPairData (including simulation objects of class KinPairSimulation).

.csv or equivalent files used should have a single column with the header ‘distance’ that contains the geographical distances between kin pairs, and preferably another column labelled ‘kinship’ which carries the kinship category in a form recognized by this package (see documentation for further details). Example below:

kinobject <- simulate_kindist_simple(nsims = 25, kinship = "FS", lifestage = "immature")
#kinpair_to_csv(kinobject, "FS_kin.csv") # saves file
#csv_to_kinpair("FS_kin.csv") # reloads it

### 4.2.2 Converting objects to KinPairData format

Within the package, there are several ways to convert measures of kin dispersal distances into the KinPairData format required for calculations of axial distance: vector_to_kinpair() which takes a vector of kinpair distances, and df_to_kinpair() which takes a data.frame or tibble with a similar layout to the .csv files mentioned earlier (column of geographical distances labelled ‘distance’ and optional columns of kin categories (‘kinship’) and lifestages (’lifestage)). Inverse function is kinpair_to_tibble(). See relevant documentation. Example below:

kinvect <- c(25, 23, 43, 26, 14, 38)

vector_to_kinpair(kinvect, kinship = "H1C", lifestage = "immature")
#> KINDISPERSE RECORD OF KIN PAIRS
#> -------------------------------
#> kinship:      H1C
#> lifestage:        immature
#>
#> tab
#> # A tibble: 6 x 4
#>   id1   id2   kinship distance
#>   <chr> <chr> <chr>      <dbl>
#> 1 1a    1b    H1C           25
#> 2 2a    2b    H1C           23
#> 3 3a    3b    H1C           43
#> 4 4a    4b    H1C           26
#> 5 5a    5b    H1C           14
#> 6 6a    6b    H1C           38
#> -------------------------------

Once converted, in most cases these KinPairData objects can be sampled in the same way as the simulations above with the function sample_kindata().

## 4.3 Estimating dispersal

The package contains a series of functions to estimate and manipulate axial sigma values (axial distributions) of simulated and empirical close-kin distributions, as well as to leverage several such distributions of related categories to supply a bootstrapped estimate of the intergenerational dispersal kernel axial sigma.

### 4.3.1 Basic estimation of axial sigma

Axial sigma is most simply estimated with the function axials(x, composite = 1). This function estimates the axial value of a simple kernel assuming that all distances measured represent one dispersal event governed by the kernel (e.g. the distance between a parent and their offspring at the equivalent lifestage, such as both as eggs). For slightly more complex situations, such as full siblings, where the distances between them result from two or more draws from the same underlying distribution (ovipositing parent to offspring #1, ovipositing parent to offspring #2), the value of composite can be adjusted to reflect the number of such symmetrical component events(for this specific case, you can also use axials_norm()). (e.g. the great-grandparent to great-grandchild category, ‘GGG’ is a combination of three draws from the PO distribution, and thus would take composite = 3):

paroff <- simulate_kindist_simple(nsims = 1000, sigma = 75, kinship = "PO")
axials(paroff)
#> [1] 76.13369
fullsibs <- simulate_kindist_composite(nsims = 10000, ovisigma = 25, kinship = "FS")
axials(fullsibs, composite = 2)
#> [1] 24.99395

Various auxillary functions exist to further manipulate axial distances within an additive variance framework, enabling the stepwise combination or averaging or decomposition of axial sigma values representing different distributions. These include axials_decompose() (divides into component parts as in the composite option above), axials_add() (adds two distributions together, e.g. FS + FS + PO + PO = 1C), axials_combine() (mixes two distributions together equally, e.g. 1C & H1C becomes the distribution of an even mix of both), and axials_subtract() subtracts a smaller distribution from a greater distribution to find the residual distribution (e.g. GG - PO = PO; FS(immature) - FS(ovipositional) = PO). For confidence intervals, there are also the permuting functions axpermute() and axpermute_subtract().

axials_subtract(24, 19)
#> [1] 14.66288

### 4.3.2 Estimation of axial sigma of intergenerational (PO) dispersal

Building on the above functions, the final estimation function axials_standard() and its permuted implementation axpermute_standard() take information about dispersal information across several phased categories and use it to make an estimate of the core, parent-offspring dispersal kernel (defined by axial sigma). Using this equation requires knowing representative spatial distributions of at least two phased kinship classes that are separated by at least one complete lifespan. In some cases, this phased requirement can be met by compositing two known distributions to approximate the distribution of a mixed category (e.g. mixing FS & HS categories to create a composited category that can be compared to an undistinguishe mixture of 1C & H1C individuals).

The function works by subtracting out the phased component of the distributions (e.g. the additional oviposition present in FS & 1C) leaving the residual lifespan components, then decomposing these down to a single span. When bootstrapped as in the axpermute_standard() function, these equations output the 95% confidence intervals of the resulting PO sigma estimate, as well as the estimate of median sigma. This estimate is the same sigma that interacts with Wright’s neighbourhood size (the radius of NS is equal to 2x the axial sigma estimate).

Let’s try out some simulated values see the funcion in action. First, we’ll set up our individual axial sigmas for the component distributions.


# set up initial sigma values

init = 50
brd = 25
grv = 75
ovs = 10

# calculate theoretical PO value
po_sigma <- sqrt(init^2 + brd^2 + grv^2 + ovs^2)
po_sigma
#> [1] 94.07444

Here we have set up a baseline of the theoretical value of the intergenerational kernel (axial) sigma for comparison below.

First, a simple example (full sibs & first cousins) - note that the larger value must be imputted first, i.e. as avect in the equation. Because they are simulated objects, categories don’t need to be supplied.


# set up sims

fullsibs <- simulate_kindist_composite(nsims = 75, initsigma = init, breedsigma = brd, gravsigma = grv, ovisigma = ovs, kinship = "FS")

fullcous <- simulate_kindist_composite(nsims = 75, initsigma = init, breedsigma = brd, gravsigma = grv, ovisigma = ovs, kinship = "1C")

# calculate PO axial sigma C.I.

axpermute_standard(fullcous, fullsibs)
#>     2.5%     mean    97.5%
#> 79.33931 87.75401 96.39094

As we can see, the C.I. neatly brackets the actual axial value, though with fairly large wings due to the small sample size. Now we set up a more complex case, involving a mixture of full & half cousins and a compensating compositing of full & half siblings (this will involve some data-wrangling):

# Set up new distributions
halfsibs <- simulate_kindist_composite(nsims = 75, initsigma = init, breedsigma = brd, gravsigma = grv, ovisigma = ovs, kinship = "HS")

halfcous <- simulate_kindist_composite(nsims = 75, initsigma = init, breedsigma = brd, gravsigma = grv, ovisigma = ovs, kinship = "H1C")

# combine cousin distributions & recompose as object. Chaning kinship
# to standard value for unknown as I will be combining the distributions.
fc <- dplyr::mutate(kinpair_to_tibble(fullcous), kinship = "UN")
hc <- dplyr::mutate(kinpair_to_tibble(halfcous), kinship = "UN")
cousins <- df_to_kinpair(cc)
cousins
#> KINDISPERSE RECORD OF KIN PAIRS
#> -------------------------------
#> kinship:      UN
#> lifestage:        immature
#>
#> tab
#> # A tibble: 150 x 9
#>    id1   id2   kinship distance    x1    y1      x2    y2 lifestage
#>    <chr> <chr> <chr>      <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>   <dbl> <dbl> <chr>
#>  1 1a    1b    UN          91.0 146.  -29.4 108.     53.1 immature
#>  2 2a    2b    UN          64.2 -33.4 142.  -15.8    80.3 immature
#>  3 3a    3b    UN         134.  103.   82.4  15.2   184.  immature
#>  4 4a    4b    UN         188.  139.  148.  139.    -40.2 immature
#>  5 5a    5b    UN          95.5  58.1 156.  -23.7   107.  immature
#>  6 6a    6b    UN         133.  101.  -29.8   0.883  58.0 immature
#>  7 7a    7b    UN         118.   88.2  47.7 206.     51.7 immature
#>  8 8a    8b    UN          72.3 -92.6 -27.6 -39.0    20.8 immature
#>  9 9a    9b    UN         143.   37.3  90.5  72.9   -48.1 immature
#> 10 10a   10b   UN          91.8 132.   28.0 138.    120.  immature
#> # ... with 140 more rows
#> -------------------------------

Note this is now a KinPairData object rather than a KinPairSimulation. The conversion to tibble and back has stripped the simulation class data. Now to run the estimation function, supplying missing category data:


# amix allows supply of additional (mixed) kin category H1C to acat 1C;
# bcomp allows supply of distribution to composite with bvect (this is done to match
# the cousin mixture in phase)
axpermute_standard(avect = cousins, acat = "1C", amix = TRUE, amixcat = "H1C", bvect = fullsibs, bcomp = TRUE, bcompvect = halfsibs)
#>      2.5%      mean     97.5%
#>  76.37041  88.98422 101.44700

This estimate is a lot more convoluted, and not as ‘spot on’- but the theoretical value of 94 is well within the confidence intervals.